Natasha Kampusch ~ my role-model

Social influence is not necessarily negative. For example, doctors can try to persuade patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may constitute underhanded manipulation.

• 1 Requirements for successful manipulation
• 2 How manipulators control their victims
  • 2.1 According to Braiker
  • 2.2 According to Simon
• 3 Vulnerabilities exploited by manipulators
• 4 Motivations of manipulators
• 5 Psychological conditions of manipulators
• 6 Basic manipulative strategy of a psychopath
  • 6.1 1: Assessment phase
  • 6.2 2: Manipulation phase
  • 6.3 3: Abandonment phase
• 7 See also
• 8 References
• 9 Other references
  • 9.1 Books
  • 9.2 Academic Journals
• 10 External links

Requirements for successful manipulation

According to Simon, successful psychological manipulation primarily involves:

1. manipulator concealing aggressive intentions and behaviors.
2. manipulator knowing the psychological vulnerabilities of the victim to determine what tactics are likely to be the most effective.
3. manipulator having a sufficient level of ruthlessness to have no qualms about causing harm to the victim if necessary.

Consequently the manipulation is likely to be covert (relational aggressive or passive aggressive).^[2]

How manipulators control their victims

According to Braiker

Braiker^[1] identified the following basic ways that manipulators control their victims:

• positive reinforcement - includes praise, superficial charm, superficial sympathy (crocodile tears), excessive apologizing; money, approval, gifts; attention, facial expressions such as a forced laugh or smile; public recognition.
• negative reinforcement - includes nagging, yelling, the silent treatment, intimidation, threats, swearing, emotional blackmail, the guilt trap, sulking, crying, and playing the victim.
• intermittent or partial reinforcement - Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt, for example in terrorist attacks. Partial or intermittent positive reinforcement can encourage the victim to persist - for example in most forms of gambling, the gambler is likely to win now and again but still lose money overall.
• punishment
• traumatic one-trial learning - using verbal abuse, explosive anger, or other intimidating behavior to establish dominance or superiority; even one incident of such behavior can condition or train victims to avoid upsetting, confronting or contradicting the manipulator.

According to Simon

Simon^[2] identified the following manipulative techniques:

• Lying: It is hard to tell if somebody is lying at the time they do it although often the truth may be apparent later when it is too late. One way to minimize the chances of being lied to is to understand that some personality types (particularly psychopaths) are experts at the art of lying and cheating, doing it frequently, and often in subtle ways.

• Lying by omission: This is a very subtle form of lying by withholding a significant amount of the truth. This technique is also used in propaganda.

• Denial: Manipulator refuses to admit that he or she has done something wrong.

• Rationalization: An excuse made by the manipulator for inappropriate behavior. Rationalization is closely related to spin.

• Minimization: This is a type of denial coupled with rationalization. The manipulator asserts that his or her behavior is not as harmful or irresponsible as someone else was suggesting, for example saying that a taunt or insult was only a joke.

• Selective inattention or selective attention: Manipulator refuses to pay attention to anything that may distract from his or her agenda, saying things like "I don't want to hear it".

• Diversion: Manipulator not giving a straight answer to a straight question and instead being diversionary, steering the conversation onto another topic.

• Evasion: Similar to diversion but giving irrelevant, rambling, vague responses, weasel words.

• Covert intimidation: Manipulator throwing the victim onto the defensive by using veiled (subtle, indirect or implied) threats.

• Guilt tripping: A special kind of intimidation tactic. A manipulator suggests to the conscientious victim that he or she does not care enough, is too selfish or has it easy. This usually results in the victim feeling bad, keeping them in a self-doubting, anxious and submissive position.

• Shaming: Manipulator uses sarcasm and put-downs to increase fear and self-doubt in the victim. Manipulators use this tactic to make others feel unworthy and therefore defer to them. Shaming tactics can be very subtle such as a fierce look or glance, unpleasant tone of voice, rhetorical comments, subtle sarcasm. Manipulators can make one feel ashamed for even daring to challenge them. It is an effective way to foster a sense of inadequacy in the victim.

• Playing the victim role ("poor me"): Manipulator portrays him- or herself as a victim of circumstance or of someone else's behavior in order to gain pity, sympathy or evoke compassion and thereby get something from another. Caring and conscientious people cannot stand to see anyone suffering and the manipulator often finds it easy to play on sympathy to get cooperation.

• Vilifying the victim: More than any other, this tactic is a powerful means of putting the victim on the defensive while simultaneously masking the aggressive intent of the manipulator.

• Playing the servant role: Cloaking a self-serving agenda in guise of a service to a more noble cause, for example saying he is acting in a certain way for "obedience" and "service" to God or a similar authority figure.

• Seduction: Manipulator uses charm, praise, flattery or overtly supporting others in order to get them to lower their defenses and give their trust and loyalty to him or her.

• Projecting the blame (blaming others): Manipulator scapegoats in often subtle, hard to detect ways.

• Feigning innocence: Manipulator tries to suggest that any harm done was unintentional or did not do something that they were accused of. Manipulator may put on a look of surprise or indignation. This tactic makes the victim question his or her own judgment and possibly his own sanity.

• Feigning confusion: Manipulator tries to play dumb by pretending he or she does not know what you are talking about or is confused about an important issue brought to his attention.

• Brandishing anger: Manipulator uses anger to brandish sufficient emotional intensity and rage to shock the victim into submission. The manipulator is not actually angry, he or she just puts on an act. He just wants what he wants and gets "angry" when denied.

Vulnerabilities exploited by manipulators

According to Braiker^[1], manipulators exploit the following vulnerabilities (buttons) that may exist in victims:

• the "disease to please"
• addiction to earning the approval and acceptance of others
• Emotophobia (fear of negative emotion)
• lack of assertiveness and ability to say no
• blurry sense of identity (with soft personal boundaries)
• low self-reliance
• external locus of control

According to Simon^[2], manipulators exploit the following vulnerabilities that may exist in victims:

• naïveté - victim finds it too hard to accept the idea that some people are cunning, devious and ruthless or is "in denial" if he is being victimized
• over-conscientiousness - victim is too willing to give manipulator the benefit of the doubt and see their side of things in which they blame the victim
• low self-confidence - victim is self-doubting, lacking in confidence and assertiveness, likely to go on the defensive too easily.
• over-intellectualization - victim tries too hard to understand and believes the manipulator has some understandable reason to be hurtful.
• emotional dependency - victim has a submissive or dependent personality. The more emotionally dependent the victim is, the more vulnerable he is to being exploited and manipulated.

Manipulators generally take the time to scope out the characteristics and vulnerabilities of their victim.

According to Kantor^[3], the following are vulnerable to psychopathic manipulators:

• too trusting - people who are honest often assume that everyone else is honest. They commit themselves to people they hardly know without checking credentials etc. They rarely question so-called experts.
• too altruistic - the opposite of psychopathic, too honest, too fair, too empathetic
• too impressionable - overly seduced by charmers. For example they might vote for the phony politician who kisses babies.
• too naïve - cannot believe there are dishonest people in the world or if there were they would not be allowed to operate.
• too masochistic - lack of self-respect and unconsciously let psychopaths take advantage of them. They think they deserve it out of a sense of guilt.
• too narcissistic - narcissists are prone to falling for unmerited flattery.
• too greedy - the greedy and dishonest may fall prey to a psychopath who can easily entice them to act in an immoral way.
• too immature - has impaired judgment and believes the exaggerated advertising claims.
• too materialistic - easy prey for loan sharks or get-rich-quick schemes
• too dependent - dependent people need to be loved and are therefore gullible and liable to say yes to something they should say no to.
• too lonely - lonely people may accept any offer of human contact. A psychopathic stranger may offer human companionship for a price.
• too impulsive - make snap decisions about, for example, what to buy or who to marry without consulting others.
• too frugal - cannot say no to a bargain even if they know the reason why it is so cheap
• being elderly - the elderly can become fatigued and less capable of multi-tasking. When hearing a sales pitch they are less likely to consider that it could be a con. They are prone to giving money to someone with a hard-luck story. See elder abuse.

Motivations of manipulators

Manipulators have three possible motivations:^[1]

• The need to advance their own purposes and their own gain at virtually any cost to others
• The manipulator has strong needs to attain feelings of power and superiority in relationships with others
• Manipulators want and need to feel in control - control freakery

They have a "hidden agenda" to achieve their secret objectives.^{[citation needed]}

Psychological conditions of manipulators

Manipulators may have any of the following psychological conditions:^[1]

• Machiavellian personality
• narcissistic personality disorder
• borderline personality disorder
• avoidant personality disorder
• dependent personality disorder
• histrionic personality disorder
• passive-aggressive behavior
• type A angry personalities
• antisocial personality disorder
• addictive personalities.

Basic manipulative strategy of a psychopath

According to Hare and Babiak^[4], psychopaths are always on the lookout for individuals to scam or swindle. The psychopathic approach includes three phases:

1: Assessment phase

Some psychopaths are opportunistic, aggressive predators who will take advantage of almost anyone they meet, while others are more patient, waiting for the perfect, innocent victim to cross their path. In each case, the psychopath is constantly sizing up the potential usefulness of an individual as a source of money, power, sex or influence. Some psychopaths enjoy a challenge while others prey on people who are vulnerable. During the assessment phase, the psychopath is able to determine a potential victim’s weak points and will use those weak points to seduce.

2: Manipulation phase

Once the psychopath has identified a victim, the manipulation phase begins. During the manipulation phase, a psychopath may create a persona or mask, specifically designed to ‘work’ for his or her target. A psychopath will lie to gain the trust of their victim. Psychopaths' lack of empathy and guilt allows them to lie with impunity; they do not see the value of telling the truth unless it will help get them what they want.

As interaction with the victim proceeds, the psychopath carefully assesses the victim's persona. The victim's persona gives the psychopath a picture of the traits and characteristics valued in the victim. The victim's persona may also reveal, to an astute observer, insecurities or weaknesses the victim wishes to minimize or hide from view. As an ardent student of human behavior, the psychopath will then gently test the inner strengths and needs that are part of the victim's private self and eventually build a personal relationship with the victim.

The persona of the psychopath - the “personality” the victim is bonding with - does not really exist. It is built on lies, carefully woven together to entrap the victim. It is a mask, one of many, custom-made by the psychopath to fit the victim's particular psychological needs and expectations. The victimization is predatory in nature; it often leads to severe financial, physical or emotional harm for the individual. Healthy, real relationships are built on mutual respect and trust; they are based on sharing honest thoughts and feelings. The victim's mistaken belief that the psychopathic bond has any of these characteristics is the reason it is so successful.

3: Abandonment phase

The abandonment phase begins when the psychopath decides that his or her victim is no longer useful. The psychopath abandons his or her victim and moves on to someone else. In the case of romantic relationships, a psychopath will usually seal a relationship with their next target before abandoning his or her current victim. Sometimes, the psychopath has three individuals on whom he or she is running game: the one who has been recently abandoned, who is being toyed with and kept in the picture in case the other two do not work out; the one who is currently being played and is about to be abandoned; and the third, who is being groomed by the psychopath, in anticipation of abandoning the current "mark". Abandonment can happen quickly and can occur without the current victim knowing that the psychopath was looking for someone new. There will be no apologies, or at least no sincere apologies, for the hurt and pain the psychopath causes, because psychopaths do not appreciate these emotions.

External links

• Eight Ways to Spot Emotional Manipulation
• Psychological Harassment Information Association – Psychological Manipulation
• Laws on Child Pornography
• Psychological Harassment Information Association – Administrative Manipulation
• How to Protect yourself From Psychological Manipulation
• Psychopaths in Sheep's Clothing
• Emotional Manipulation Techniques: Dirty Tricks People Use To Manipulate Others

The Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response sometimes seen in a hostage, in which the hostage exhibits seeming loyalty to the hostage-taker, in spite of the danger (or at least risk) in which the hostage has been placed. Stockholm syndrome is also sometimes discussed in reference to other situations with similar tensions, such as battered woman syndrome, child abuse cases, and bride kidnapping.

Contents
In George Orwell's "1984", Winston starts to feel a nonsexual love for his torturer O'Brien. Interestingly, this book was written in 1947, many years before the incident in Stockholm, Sweden. I Am Regina, a young adult novel by Sally M. Keehn, is a fictionalized account of a true story of a young girl who was abducted by Indians during the French-Indian war. In the book, the Indians change Regina's name to Tskinnak and as she grows up among the Delaware, she gradually grows to care very much for them, slowly losing nearly all memory her life as Regina. In Ann Patchett's Bel Canto, the hostages ultimately befriend and love the terrorists who had captured them.
In Artemis Fowl, a series of books by Eoin Colfer, Lower Elements Police captian Holly Short is kidnapped by the 12-year-old title character Artemis Fowl II. After she is released, she has a tendency to sympathize with Artemis, and in spite of her grudge, joins the boy on many of his adventures. As the story goes on, the two develop a loyal friendship, though Holly tends to deny it. In A Series Of Unfortunate Events, a series of grim books for young readers, Daniel Handler, under the pseudonym Lemony Snicket, makes reference to Stockholm syndrome when comparing the children and villians in the story.

• 1 Origin of the name
• 2 Capture bonding
• 3 Other uses
• 4 Evolutionary and psychoanalytic explanations
• 5 Popular culture references

• 5.1 Books

  5.2 Film, television, and video games

  5.3 Music

• 6 See also
• 7 External links

Origin of the name
The syndrome is named after the Norrmalmstorg robbery of Kreditbanken at Norrmalmstorg, Stockholm in which the bank robbers held bank employees hostage from August 23 to August 28, 1973. In this case, the victims became emotionally attached to their victimizers, and even defended their captors after they were freed from their six-day ordeal. The term was coined by the criminologist and psychiatristNils Bejerot, who assisted the police during the robbery, and referred to the syndrome in a news broadcast. It is sometimes referred to as Helsinki Syndrome, sometimes deliberately for ironic effect. It originates in the substitution of one Nordic capital for another.

Capture-bonding
An offshoot of the Stockholm syndrome is the aptly-used term capture-bonding defined as a bond that in some instances develops between captor and captive. The term is modeled on the Swedish woman who became so attached to one of the bank robbers who held her hostage that she broke her engagement to her former lover and remained bonded, or in bondage, to her former captor while he served time in prison.

Other uses
Outside of the criminal context, a form of the syndrome may take place in military basic training, in which "training is a mildly traumatic experience intended to produce a bond", with the goal of forming military units which will remain loyal to each other even in life-threatening situations.
Similarly, the effects of the "hazing" system of induction into groups such as fraternities and sororities have been compared to the syndrome. In cultural anthropology a similar symptom is common to bride capture situations.
Loyalty to a more powerful abuser — in spite of the danger that this loyalty puts the victim in — is common among victims of domestic abuse, battered partners and child abuse (dependent children). In many instances the victims choose to remain loyal to their abuser, and choose not to leave him or her, even when they are offered a safe placement in foster homes or safe houses. This syndrome was described by psychoanalysts of the object relations theory school (see Fairbairn) as the phenomenon of psychological identification with the more powerful abuser.

Evolutionary and psychoanalytic explanations
For an interpretation of the syndrome from the perspective of evolutionary psychology, see capture-bonding.

According to the psychoanalytic view of the syndrome, the tendency might well be the result of employing the strategy evolved by newborn babies to form an emotional attachment to the nearest powerful adult in order to maximize the probability that this adult will enable - at the very least - the survival of the child, if not also prove to be a good parental figure.

Popular culture references
Music

• Muse has a song called Stockholm Syndrome from the album Absolution released in 2003.
• American singer/songwriter Dory Previn, herself a victim of emotional abuse and criminal captivity as a child, wrote a song entitled "With My Daddy in the Attic", dealing with Stockholm Syndrome and fantasies of incest.
• Yo La Tengo has a song called Stockholm Syndrome from the album I Can Hear The Heart Beating As One.
• Blink-182 has a song called Stockholm Syndrome from the album Blink-182.
  The Swedish punk rock band Backyard Babies has released an album called Stockholm Syndrome.
• Nirvana has a song called Paper Cuts that somewhat describes a hostaged person with Stockholm syndrome from the album Bleach.
• The Who are working on a song for their new album, called "Black Widow's Eyes", which accurately describes Stockholm syndrome.
• Slipknot's song Iowa, from the Iowa album, hints at captor adoration, from the captor's perspective.B
• The art punk/post-punk band Les Savy Fav have a song entitled "Adopduction" from their 2001 album Go Forth (French Kiss Records) that alludes to Stockholm syndrome in its lyrics: I could trust them, dare I say it, even love them. Who's to blame? ... My fondest memories are from my hostage crises. I know it's strange, although we got so close you know, they never even told me their real names.

Books
The seventh Tempe Brennan novel, Monday Mourning(2004), (by American author Kathy Reichs) centers around a case involving the Stockholm Syndrome. Chapter 30 contains a concise, yet comprehensive, analysis and discussion of the syndrome and its effects.

Film, television, and video games

• Manny & Lo 1996 Movie with Mary Kay Place and a very young Scarlett Johansson as narrator/lead actor. A young girl (Scarlett/Manny) and her barely older pregnant sister are on the run from unknown captors. They shack up in empty model homes, or even just in the back of their station wagon. Once they realize they don't know anything about birthing babies, they decide to kidnap someone who does. To this end they find the perfect helpmate in quirky, loner Elaine (played beautifully by Mary Kay Place) who though banished from the nursing profession, wears her nursing whites with pride.
• Blue Velvet
• Buffalo '66
• Matlock: The Kidnapping
• Die Hard A doctor appearing on a television show describing the phenomenon refers to it as Helsinki Syndrome. The bumbling host says this refers to "Helsinki, Sweden", and the doctor corrects him, saying "Finland."
• Dog Day Afternoon (based on a true story)
• The World Is Not Enough (a James Bond film), female antagonist, Electra King, falls in love and helps her terrorist captor.
• Guerrilla: The Taking of Patty Hearst
• Six Feet Under, episode 44 ("That's My Dog").
• The Simpsons episode "Blame it on Lisa", Homer is kidnapped and develops Stockhom syndrome, even making a photo album before he is freed.
• In the videogame Metal Gear Solid, Solid Snake refers to Dr. Hal "Otacon" Emmerich's attraction to terrorist Sniper Wolf as Stockholm syndrome, although this may be an example of gallows humour provoked by exasperation.
• CSI Miami, episode 13, season 3: Rex Linn starring as Detective Frank Tripp suggests the case at hand might be an example of the Stockholm syndrome.
• In Truth or Consequences, N.M. (1997) a couple played by Kevin Pollak and Kim Dickens is taken hostage by Vincent Gallo and Keifer Sutherland. He begins to be friends with them, while she is outraged by his behavior.
• In the movie John Q, Denzel Washington's character takes hostages in a hospital. The hostages later sympathize with him and even side with him.
• Nip/Tuck, episode 3.14 ("Cherry Peck"). Kimber Henry shows signs of Stockholm syndrome after ostensibly sympathizing with The Carver after he kidnapped and tortured her.
• In the Bollywood film Khalnayak, a police officer goes undercover to capture an escaped prisoner; she allowing herself to be kidnapped, but then falls in love with him, teaming up with him in the end.
  Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!
• In the horror film Saw II, the character of Amanda begins to appreciate her kidnapper, Jigsaw.
  In The Edukators, a rich man captured by a band of German discontents makes no effort to escape and actually lies to protect his captors. However, upon release, he turns them in.
• Futurama, episode 3.12 ("Insane in the Mainframe") - When the crew is held hostage by insane robot Roberto, Bender pleads for his life by saying, "Don't kill me yet! I think I'm starting to come down with Stockholm Syndrome... handsome!"
• In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Suddenly Human", a child abducted during war is believed by Dr. Beverly Crusher to exhibit signs of the Stockholm Syndrome.
• In House, the character Dr. Foreman tells the other fellows working with him under Dr. House that they have Stockholm Syndrome for being able to like Dr. House in spite of how abrasive he is.
• In Malcolm in the Middle, episode 4.18 "Reese's Party", Reese develops Stockholm Syndrome for a gang that has taken over the house.
• In the 1991 TV movie Cry in the Wild: The Taking of Peggy Ann, based on a true story, a man kidnaps a girl hoping to make her his own, and she ultimately begins to sympathize with her captor
• In 1999 anime series Infinite Ryvius produced by Sunrise, best pilot of spaceship Ryvius, Juli Bahana, falls in love with despotic leader of the ship, Aires Blue. Many fans believe, that it could be an effect of Stockholm syndrome (however, it has not been clearly mentioned in the series).
• In the 2002 movie Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood.
• In Close to Home March 2006
• The Phantom of the Opera
• In ER (TV series), episode 3.15 "The Long Way Around", Carol develops sympathy for one of the convenience store captors.
• In the movie Airheads, hostages begin to identify with and eventually assist their captors.
• Babylon 5 Helsinki syndrome mentioned in the fourth-season episode The Illusion of Truth
• The X-Files Helsinki syndrome mentioned in the fifth-season episode Folie a Deux by Fox Mulder.
• The Negotiator has a line in which the police chief says "He is trying to take us to stockolm".
• In the DC Comics book Birds of Prey, in the first storyarc written by Gail Simone, Black Canary is kidnapped and detained by blackmailer Savant and his ex-KGB bodyguard Creote. Black Canary suspects that Creote is in love with his master, and tests her theory by waiting for Creote to bring her food and telling him "I think I'm coming down with a bad case of Stockholm Syndrome for you...". Creote merely sets down the food and leaves the room.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Capture-bonding is a descriptive evolutionary psychology term for the evolved psychological mechanism behind Stockholm syndrome. John Tooby (then a graduate student) originated the concept and its ramifications in the early 1980s, though he did not publish. (source: Leda Cosmides.) Keith Henson reached the same conclusions independently 15 years later about the evolutionary origin and widespread effects of this psychological mechanism on humans and human societies.

In the view of evolutionary psychology "the mind is a set of information-processing machines that were designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors." [1]

One of the "adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors," particularly our female ancestors, was being abducted by another band. If life in those times was similar to that of some of the few remaining primitive peoples then being captured and having their dependent children killed was fairly common.

"The killing of unrelated young occurs in other species, such as lions and langur monkeys. Once a male langur has succeeded in the struggle for a sexual monopoly of the females in a troop, he will dispatch the existing infants." [2]

"Elena Valero, a Brazilian woman was kidnapped by Yanomamo warriors when she was eleven years old . . . . But none were so horrifying as the second [raid]: ‘They killed so many.’ . . . The man then took the baby by his feet and bashed him against the rocks . . . ." (Hrdy quoted in [3])

"The percentage of females in the lowland villages who have been abducted is significantly higher: 17% compared to 11.7% in the highland villages." (Napoleon Chagnon quoted at [4])

"The Shaur and Achuar Jivaros, once deadly enemies . . . . A significant goal of these wars was geared toward the annihilation of the enemy tribe, including women and children. . . . . There were however, many instances where the women and children were taken as prisoners . . . . A woman who fights, or a woman who refuses to accompany the victorious war-party to their homes and serve a new master, exposes herself to the risk of suffering the same fate as her men-folk." (Up de Graff also in [5])

There are strong biological reasons to expect that war and abductions (capture) were typical of human pre history at least back to the time our ancestors escaped predation (at least to the taming of fire and perhaps as far back as chipped rocks). An extreme selective genetic filter was applied to a significant fraction of each generation. If this is correct, then the psychological traits behind capture bonding should be expected to be nearly universal.

In 2002, Keith Henson used capture-bonding as an illustrative example of selected-in-the-stone age psychological traits in "Sex, Drugs, and Cults:" [6]

"An evolutionary psychology explanation starts by asking why such a trait would have improved the reproductive success of people during the millions of years we lived as social primates in bands or tribes? One thing that stands out from our records of the historical North American tribes, the South American tribes such as the Yanomamö, and some African tribes is that being captured was a relatively common event. If you go back a few generations, almost everyone in some of these tribes has at least one ancestor (usually a woman) who was violently captured from another tribe."

"Natural selection has left us with psychological responses to capture seen in the Stockholm Syndrome and the Patty Hearst kidnapping. Capture-bonding or social reorientation when captured from one warring tribe to another was an essential survival tool for a million years or more."

"Fighting hard to protect yourself and your relatives is good for your genes, but when captured and escape is not possible, giving up short of dying and making the best you can of the new situation is also good for your genes. In particular it would be good for genes that built minds able to dump previous emotional attachments under conditions of being captured and build new social bonds to the people who have captured you. The process should neither be too fast (because you may be rescued) nor too slow (because you don't want to excessively try the patience of those who have captured you . . .")

"An EP explanation stresses the fact that we have lots of ancestors who gave up and joined the tribe that had captured them (and sometimes had killed most of their relatives). This selection of our ancestors accounts for the extreme forms of capture-bonding exemplified by Patty Hearst and the 'Stockholm Syndrome.' . . . It accounts for battered wife syndrome, (Battered person syndrome) where beatings and abuse are observed to strengthen the bond between the victim and the abuser--at least up to a point.Henson has proposed that the partial activation of this psychological trait accounts for other mysterious human traits such as Basic training "a mildly traumatic experience intended to produce a bond" and fraternity hazing (perhaps also other similar initiation rites). The difficulty colleges have had in stamping out injurious hazing may stem from instinctual knowledge of how to induce bonding in captives. He also makes a case that the intense reward from sexual practices such as BDSM derives from activation of the capture-bonding psychological mechanisms.

See also: Bride kidnapping

Categories:
Evolutionary psychology
Social psychology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Battered person syndrome is a physical and psychological condition that is classified as ICD-9 code 995.81 "Battered person syndrome" NEC or otherwise included within DSM-IV as a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. This condition has been used as a defence by women who have experienced long-term physical and psychological abuse, and have killed their abusers. This was called battered woman syndrome by Walker (1979).

Symptomology

ICD9 code 995.81 [1] shows the syndrome as including "battered person/man/spouse syndrome NEC" and any person presenting with identified physical descriptors rather than psychological descriptors falls under the general heading of "Adult physical abuse", classified under "Injury and Poisoning" [2]. In lay terms, this is a reference to any person who, because of constant and severe domestic violence usually involving physical abuse by a partner, becomes depressed and unable to take any independent action that would allow him or her to escape the abuse. The condition explains why abused people often do not seek assistance from others, fight their abuser, or leave the abusive situation. Sufferers have low self-esteem, and often believe that the abuse is their fault. Such persons usually refuse to press criminal charges against their abuser, and refuse all offers of help, often becoming aggressive or abusive to others who attempt to offer assistance.

Law and medical intersection

Although the medical condition is not gender specific, the law has been persuaded to remedy perceived gender bias in the operation of the defence of self-defence by admitting evidence of the medical condition as the basis of an excuse (the "battered woman defence") for women who use excessive violence to escape from an abusive relationship and kill their abusers. This has been problematic because there is no consensus in the medical profession that such abuse results in a mental conditions severe enough to excuse alleged offenders. Nevertheless, the law makes reference to DSM-IV mental disorders even though neither the ICD nor the DSM medical classifications as currently drafted, include the syndrome in the sense used by lawyers.

References

• Roth D. L. & Coles E. M. (1995). "Battered woman syndrome: a conceptual analysis of its status vis a vis DSM-IV mental disorders". Medicine and Law. Vol. 14(7-8): pp641-658.
• Walker, Lenore E. (1979). The Battered Woman. New York: Harper and Row.

See Also

• Domestic violence
• Spousal abuse

Dory Previn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dory Previn née Langdon (born 1925-10-22) is an American singer-songwriter and poet, and was a lyricist for motion picture theme songs during the 1960s and early 1970s, including the soundtrack to the Valley of the Dolls. She and her first husband, André Previn, received several Academy Award nominations for their joint efforts in motion picture songwriting. She released six albums of original songs, and one live album, between 1970 and 1976. Her career continued into the 1980s, touring in Europe for the first time in the late 1970s, and again the 1980s, after overcoming her life-long fear of flying.

She wrote several autobiographies including "Bogtrotter: An Autobiography with lyrics" (ISBN 0385147082). The title name refers to her Irish heritage. Other autobiographical works by Previn include "Midnight Baby", (ISBN 0025990004) and "On My Way to Where" (ISBN 0841501203). A songbook, entitled "The Dory Previn Songbook" has also been released containing songs from her period with United Artists.

Along with her books, Previn's poetry and lyrics stand out for their originality, irony and their frankness in
dealing with her troubled personal life.

Much of Previn's writing deals with her troubled relationship with her father and its effects throughout her life. Her father served in the First World War where he was gassed, suffering severe injuries. He tended to alternatively embrace and reject his eldest daughter, and at times was convinced of his wife's infidelity. His mental health appears to have deteriorated after the birth of a second daughter, culminating in a paranoid episode in which he boarded the family up in one room of their home and held them at gunpoint for a period of some weeks. The track "With My Daddy in the Attic" (from "On My Way to Where") is a chilling piece dealing with Stockholm Syndrome and fantasies of incest. "Taps, Tremors and Time-Steps: One Last Dance for my Father", the B-Side to her "Reflections In a Mud-Puddle" album on United Artists, is a very personal and poignant account of the deterioration of their relationship and her anguish at their differences remaining unresolved at the time of her father's death.

Previn's own mental health suffered, possibly as a result of traumatic experiences in early life. In the late sixties her first husband, André Previn, left her for actress Mia Farrow. Previn's mental health deteriorated soon afterwards and she spent a period of time in psychiatric institutions, where she was subjected to electric shock therapy. Material from her "On My Way to Where" album of 1970 deals with her experiences from this time - "Mister Whisper" examines episodes of psychosis from within the confines of a psychiatric hospital, while "Beware of Young Girls" is a savage attack on Mia Farrow and her motives for befriending the Previns.

Subsequent albums maintained a balance of intensely personal lyrics and wider commentary - "A Stone for Bessie Smith" is about the premature death of Blues vocalist Janis Joplin while "Doppelgänger" examines the latent savagery of humanity. Self-conscious spirituality at the expense of the tangible is criticised in "Mythical Kings and Iguanas" while songs dealing with emotionally frail characters appear as "Lady With the Braid", "Lemon-Haired Ladies" and "The Altruist and the Needy Case". Feminist issues and dilemmas are explored in "Brando" and "The Owl and the Pussycat", while the male ego is attacked with wit and irony in "Michael, Michael", "Don't Put Him Down" and "That Perfect Man".

In 1997 Previn, now remarried, collaborated with her first husband again to produce a piece for soprano and ensemble entitled "The Magic Number". This was first performed in 1997 by the New York Philharmonic with André Previn as conductor and Sylvia McNair performing the soprano part. A piano reduction was published in 1997 by G. Schirmer, Inc. under ISBN 0793588030.

In 2002 Previn released a royalty-free recording available via the internet entitled "Planet Blue" which contains a mixture of recent and previously unreleased material dealing with environmental degradation and the threat of nuclear disaster.

At the time of writing Previn continues to work in spite of having suffered several strokes which affect her eyesight. She continues to live in Massachusetts.

Discography

• "Leprechauns Are Upon Me (1959 as Dory Langdon)
• "On My Way to Where (1970) - United Artists
• "Reflections in a Mud Puddle/Taps Tremors and Time Steps (1971) - United Artists
• "Mythical Kings and Iguanas (1971) - United Artists
• "Mary C. Brown and the Hollywood Sign (1972) - United Artists
• "Dory Previn (1974) - Warner Bros
• "We're Children of Coincidence and Harpo Marx (1976) - Warner Bros
• "Dory & Andre Previn (1983)
• "Planet Blue" - (2002)

Previn's material from her period with United Artists has been re-issued on CD under the Beat Goes On label.

QUOTE - The Who
From Wikiquote

The Who, British rock band, and their members:

• Pete Townshend
• Roger Daltrey
• Keith Moon
• John Entwistle

Pete Townshend

• "If you steer clear of quality, you're alright."
• "The fact of the matter is, I'm f**king brilliant. Not 'was' brilliant. 'Am' brilliant."
• "I smash guitars because I like them."
• "That was bowling."
  
  After being asked on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour how he learned to play guitar (namely, the "windmill")
  
• "John [Entwistle] and I were listening to a stereo L.P. of the Beatles in which the voices come out of one side, and the backing track comes out of the other. And when you actually hear the backing tracks of the Beatles without their voices, they're flippen lousy."
• "Rock won't eliminate your problems, but it will sort of let you dance all over them."
• "I hope I die before I get old" - lyric from The Who's breakthrough hit "My Generation", written (like almost all of their songs) by Pete Townshend. The line is often associated with the essential outlook of rock music. Townshend has often publicly regretted writing it.
• "It is important to call your mom; it is important to tidy your room. It is important to make sure you don't have too many drinks and kill someone on the way home, or even scrape somebody's car. It's the little details that we have control of."
• "A song is a message, a song is a letter, nothing more, nothing less."
• "Most of my songs are about Jesus. Most of my songs are about the idea that there is salvation, and that there is a Saviour. But I won't mention his name in a song just to get a cheap play."
• "When Roger speaks out about 'we'll all be rockin' in our wheelchairs' he might be but you won't catch me rockin' in no wheelchair. I don't think it's possible. I might be making music in a wheelchair, maybe even with the Who, but I feel that the Who have got to realize that the things we're gonna be writing and singing about are rapidly changing."
• After smashing an Amp after performing a song: Interviewer(Russel Hartey): "Is that ours or yours?" Pete: "I dunno."
• On The Who's early days: "In those days Roger was the undisputed leader and if you disagreed you got a bunch of fives. It needed someone with a strong right hook to keep things together."
• "...The people at Woodstock really were a bunch of hypocrites claiming a cosmic revolution simply because they took over a field, broke down some fences, imbibed bad acid and then tried to run out without paying the band."

Roger Daltrey

• "Rock used to be a right laugh. The trouble is that the rock press have made it all so serious. Fifty percent of rock is having a good time."
• "You couldn't pick four more horrible geezers to make the worst sound you've ever heard in your life."
• "There certainly is more in the future now than back in 1964."
• "I think Townshend's always wanted to be me."
• "Most rock films are pretentious. They're made for the sole purpose of making Robert Plant's dick look big. This is totally the opposite. Within the first half hour we're made to look complete idiots."
  
  (Regarding the rock documentary of The Who, 'The Kids Are Alright')
  
• (On a BBC Radio Interview) Johnny Walker: "Well, we got an e-mail here from someone who says thank you for the music Rodge." Roger Daltrey: "Ah, that's no problem, the music making has been free. It's the putting up with Townshend that's been the price I've had to pay all this time"

Keith Moon

• "My friends call me Keith, but you can call me John."
  introducing himself to Tommy Smothers on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.
• "I told people I was a drummer before I even had a set, I was a mental drummer."
• "You'll sink, not like a lead balloon, but even faster, like a lead zeppelin."
  to Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page. The group was named after Moon's remark.
• "Thank God!"
  
  After Pete Townshend announced at the Rainbow Theatre in 1971 that "This is the very last time we're going to perform Tommy onstage."
  
• "I'm still the best Keith Moon-style drummer in the world."
• "Learn Guitar"
  
  Moon's advice to those asking him for help on learning how to drum
  
• Russel Harty: Are you married? The Who (various): No, no, not to each other (etc.) Keith Moon: Are you married? (Russel Harty was gay)
• "F*ck off."
  
  Mumbled to a doctor telling Pete Townshend that he was "clinically dead" when he was just coming round to conciousness.
  
• "If you don't like it, you can just f*ck off."
  
  His last words, after asking his girlfriend to make him steak and eggs for breakfast

John Entwistle

• "We became rich later than I expected. Now I'm too old to enjoy my money."
• "I can't stand rap... people who can't sing do rap... you can sing rebellion as well as talk it... Hitler would've been in a rap band..."
• "God was our lighting man."
  
  (On the sun coming up and illuminating the stage during the finale of Tommy at Woodstock, 1969)
  "I ain't heard anyone play like I do in my band and I am very happy about that."
  
• "The Netherlands are wet, flat and full of stoned people."
• "There's a better chance of Marylin Monroe making another movie."
  
  (When asked if The Who ever had a chance of getting back together)
  
• "I've had the dubious pleasure of knowing that he has performed 'Yellow Submarine' more times than Paul McCartney."
  
  (On touring with the Ringo Starr All-Starr Band)
  
• "The Who are the rock industry equivalent of what French movies are to the movie industry: deep and full of messages- but what the f*ck are they all about?"
• "I just wanted to see what it was like to be a failure."
  
  (On why he began his solo career)
  
• "They should have stuck to juke boxes"
  
  (On Wurlitzer guitars)
  
• "If we stopped a song every time I made a mistake we'd be playing in f*cking morse code"
  
  (After his solo band stopped when he played the wrong bass part during a live show)